VEGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC organoids, including non-parenchymal cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, displayed higher expression of HIF-1A, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vimentin, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) compared to organoids generated from HCC cells alone [37].