Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) is expressed on the surface of GBM cells, which, upon binding to Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) on T cell surfaces, resists T cell cytotoxicity, ultimately leading to tumor immune evasion (Yao et al., 2021; Yang Y. et al., 2019; Freeman et al., 2000; Feng et al., 2023). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.