For instance, mutations in genes such as SNCA (α-synuclein), ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), PARK2 (parkin), PARK8 (LRRK2), MC1R (Melanocortin 1 receptor) and PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) have been identified in both PD and certain cancers. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and cancer.