In addition to the common genes and pathways dysregulated across all insulin-resistant cell types, we also explored any cell-type specific changes occurring in our in vitro models, which we further evaluated using single-cell sequencing data from early- and advanced-stage human DKD; thereby identifying important molecular changes which may be targets for cell-type-specific therapeutic strategies51 and the focus of future mechanistic work. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.