Although there is a well-acknowledged association between insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction59 and the importance of disturbances to mitochondrial function in the pathogenesis of kidney disease (including mitochondrial degradation in glomeruli and tubules in CKD60) is increasingly appreciated61–63, the role of insulin resistance in promoting mitochondrial dysfunction in the kidney and the comparison of mitochondrial adaptations in insulin resistance between kidney cell types is less well-defined. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.