CCL2 and Parkinson disease: Microglia-driven neuro-inflammation notably harms AMD neurons.[33] Minocycline, a tetracycline, curbs IL-6, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microglial cells, protecting photoreceptors.[34] Early studies on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD in mice shows early substantia nigra (SN) microglial activation, leading to dopamine neuron loss.[35] Additionally, Minocycline treatment post-MPTP reduces IL-1β, defends dopaminergic neurons, and mitigates microglia-related toxicity.[36,37]