TNF and Parkinson disease: Multiple studies have conclusively demonstrated the presence of inflammatory mediators, including Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interferon-gamma (IFNγ), in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain in PD patients.[25–30] AMD studies reveal macrophage accumulation and mast cell degranulation in the choroid, fostering chronic inflammation.[31,32] This widespread inflammation links both conditions.