AHR and Alzheimer disease: IL-4 and IL-13 mediate epidermal dysfunction in AD, and it has been shown that human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3) attenuates the impaired epidermal function caused by IL-4 and IL-13 through activation of the autophagy and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathways, thereby treating AD (148).