A TREM2+ VCAM1+ macrophage population was identified and spatially and functionally defined by integrating the scRNA-seq, the co-detection by indexing (CODEX) multiplex system, and the cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) approach, which was found to be adjacent to the highly proliferative LY6D– lower tumor epithelium area and promoted LY6D– tumor epithelial proliferation via secretion of the ligand oncostatin-M (OSM) (58). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and neoplasm.