These included age, gender distribution, body weight, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic etiology, AF, LVEF, baseline BUN, serum creatinine, Na, K, NT‐proBNP levels, hemoglobin, and medication usage (ACE inhibitor or ARB, aldosterone antagonist, β‐blocker, and oral furosemide). The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is atrial fibrillation.