MT-ND5 and onchocerciasis: It is against this background of operational roadblocks to verifying onchocerciasis elimination that the present study sought to (i) evaluate and compare the efficiency of different release rates of cyclopentanone and 2-butanone (CO2 mimics) as attractants for black fly vectors of onchocerciasis, (ii) evaluate the synergistic potential of EWTs baited with a combination of CO2 mimic and yeast-fermentation generated CO2 compared to HLCs and (iii) evaluate the detection of O. volvulus in head pools of the collected black flies using O-150 PCR-ELISA versus Ov ND5 qPCR assays.