IRF1 and lobular neoplasia: Among the top genes associated with complete clinical response clustering in kidney biopsies from LN patients are IRF1, STAT1, IRF7, MX1, STAT2, and JAK2.47 Many studies have demonstrated the necessity of nuclear translocation of mammalian IRF1 for its regulatory effects on downstream genes.48 However, the mechanism by which IRF1 translocates to the nucleus in glomerular endothelial cells and maintains its nuclear distribution remains unclear.