To reinforce our conclusions regarding the pivotal role of the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis in directing the renal homing of hUC-MSCs in lupus nephritis, we conducted CXCR3 knockdown and overexpression manipulations on hUC-MSCs (Fig. 2k, n), followed by a rigorous in vivo analysis of the distribution patterns of these genetically modified MSCs upon intravenous injection. Here, CXCL10 is linked to lupus nephritis.