VDAC1 and immune system disorder: In immune system diseases, pharmacological interventions or gene knockout/knockdown of VDAC1 have been proved to have therapeutic effects on a range of inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, acute kidney disease, myocardial injury, etc.[25, 26, 55, 56, 57, 58] Increased expression or oligomerization of VDAC1 causes calcium regulation disorders, DNA fragment release, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell apoptosis, which may be one of the key factors contributing to the aforementioned diseases.