TNF and injury: Since cytosolic mtDNA mainly enters into the cytoplasm through oligomerized VDAC1 pores on the outer membrane of mitochondria under the stimulation of LPS, the states of VDAC1 oligomerization could be quantified by the expression level of cytosolic mtDNA.[44, 45] The results suggested that a positive correlation was observed between D‐LOOP, CYTB, or COX‐1 gene expression in cytoplasm and TNF‐α concentration in PBMCs from patients with acute lung injury (Figure 8H; Figure S11D,E, Supporting Information).