TNF and atherosclerosis: Among significant regulated KEGG pathways with upregulated genes were signaling pathways for growth factors/chemokines, e.g. IL-17 and TNF, pathways of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis and metabolic pathways, while relaxin, PPAR and cAMP signaling pathways included downregulated genes (Figure 5B).