TNF and Peri-Implantitis: In peri-implantitis, the innate immune system initiates defense mechanisms by recognizing pathogens (e.g., bacteria and viruses), cytokines (e.g., TNF and IFNs), pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMPs, e.g., LPS), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, e.g., monosodium urate) (71–73).