PTGS2 and neoplasm: In the context of BC, the upregulation of P2X7R has been shown to facilitate tumor invasion and metastasis by activating the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), regulating the generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and influencing the expression of the inflammation-related protein cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (12).