Consistent with the pro-inflammatory effects of α-Synuclein, brain imaging studies and postmortem gene expression profiling have frequently detected microglial activation and neuroinflammation in individuals with PD (Liu et al., 2022; Smajić et al., 2022; Wang Q. et al., 2024; Quan et al., 2024). The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.