CASP3 and posterior cortical atrophy: Moreover, we observed that at all the dosages (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) of I. macrophylla extract investigated against PCa in rats, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the spread of cancerous cells in the experimental animals, suggesting that the extract upregulated caspase 3 gene at all levels of dosage administration (Fig. 5d).