TGFB1 and colitis: It has been studied that there are several signaling pathways correlated with colitis, involving NF‐κB, MAPK, TGF‐β1, and IκB‐α, etc. Zhang et al. (2015) found that the peptide cathelicidin‐BF could alleviate the DSS‐induced inflammation by inhibiting the NF‐κB pathway, whose activation might be influenced by the phosphorylation level of IκB‐α and p65 (Zhou et al., 2021); what is more, it could induce a decrease of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ) in UC (Dubuquoy et al., 2003).