Overall, these results suggest that the presence of S. aureus in preclinical TNBC tumors depletes the cold metabolite NAD and activates CD8+ TILs, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, which is in concordant with positive correlations seen between levels of Staphylococcus and T cell activity in human breast tumors (Fig. 1c, 4e, 4f). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and breast neoplasm.