In addition to the aforementioned PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis and the CTLA‐4 ligand interactions, there are numerous other immunosuppressive entities in the TME, including regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), as well as cytokines such as interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), all of which could lead to suboptimal anti‐tumor responses.13, 14, 15, 16. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.