TFAM and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Furthermore, the cardioprotective effects of RES on DCM are suggested to involve multiple pathways, including the SIRT1/PGC-1α, SIRT3/TFAM, AMPK/mTOR, JNK1/mTOR, Nrf2, Cx43 protein and gap junction channels, UCP2 expression, HMGB1-RAGE axis, and energy metabolism regulation [52–67].