In some cases, such as (i) toxicity to anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy which precludes the use of second-line anti-PD-1-based therapy, (ii) rapidly progressing disease or (iii) high tumour volume with symptomatic disease, clinical trials including bispecifics, T-cell engagers, etc. should be a preferred option. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.