Based on these findings, clinicians can offer adjuvant anti-PD-1 treatment for patients with AJCC8 stage IIB-IIC disease after a detailed discussion with the patient to weigh the pros and cons of treatment benefit versus toxicity and a careful evaluation of clinical factors, including patient age, comorbidities, performance status (PS), reproductive potential, personal/family history of autoimmune disease and compliance in case of immune-related toxicity. Here, PDCD1 is linked to autoimmune disease.