Normally, NF-κB is not active because it binds to the inhibitory protein IκBα.38 However, MNNG-induced gastric mucosal inflammation activates NF-κB and its downstream NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in aggravated inflammatory injury.39 Our research demonstrated that treatment with FA notably reduced the NF-κB pathway activation induced by MNNG.18 Here, NLRP3 is linked to inflammatory response.