TLR4 and Parkinson disease: Recently, a study showed that intraperitoneal injection of ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg) for 7 days alleviated MPTP-induced activation of astroglia and microglia in the substantia nigra, reduced the expression of neuroinflammation-related TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB) in the brain and colon of PD mice, and decreased the serum concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α [146].