In a mouse model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy, diosgenin (80 mg/kg/day) treatment reversed PTZ-induced decrease in the abundance of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides genera, inhibited the activation of enteric glial cells (EGCs) and the TLR4-MyD88 pathway, which in turn reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the colon and improved the intestinal barrier function, and ultimately inhibited the progression of epilepsy [166]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is epilepsy.