INS and hydrops fetalis: Conversely, endoplasmic reticulum stress impedes insulin signaling pathways by triggering pro‐inflammatory kinases such as c‐Jun amino‐terminal kinase and protein kinase C. The interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress and abnormal calcium handling enhances apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy processes in cardiomyocytes, ultimately leading to HF (Henstridge, Whitham, and Febbraio 2014; Rupee et al. 2023).