Activated microglia then produce elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Rani et al., 2023; Thakur et al., 2023), leading to neuroinflammation and AD progression. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Alzheimer disease.