TNF and Alzheimer disease: The results showed that 4 formulations, including catalpol, gastrodin, CPG, and CPGB, significantly reduced concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the supernatant, as well as Aβ1-42 and the pTua231/Tau ratio (Figures 1A, B; Supplementary Figures S2A–D), which are considered AD-related indicators in cellular models (Lista et al., 2014).