TNF and neoplasm: F. nucleatum alters the tumor microenvironment by promoting immunosuppressive cells like myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated neutrophils, and macrophages, leading to an inflammatory state that promotes tumor progression and immune evasion, characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).