Furthermore, dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) competes with NRF2 for binding to KEAP1 in an enzyme-independent manner, thereby disrupting the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway and influencing tumorigenesis and drug resistance in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) (11). Here, KEAP1 is linked to clear cell renal carcinoma.