Our studies clearly show that E2F1-STAT3/IL-6 produced by skin cancer cells shifted the Th1/Th2 balance toward the Th2 phenotype, whereas depletion of E2F1 in turn caused a pronounced decrease in type-2 cytokines that potentially determines the development and responsiveness of Th1 cells (Figure 5D). Here, E2F1 is linked to skin cancer.