Similarly, in a relatively small study, patient derived monocytes showed differential activation and surface markers at baseline and upon inflammatory receptor [Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4] activation, with inflammatory response peaking in the MCI stage compared to both controls, pre-MCI, and AD cells, and decreased phagocytic ability when moving from HC to the other categories (pre-MCI, MCI, AD) (Munawara et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and Alzheimer disease.