TNF and graft versus host disease: Importantly, in experimental mouse models of GVHD as well as in patients after myeloablative conditioning regimens, host APCs are themselves activated by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, CCL2/3/4/5, CXCL10/11) subsequent to tissue damages induced by the conditioning regimen (cytokine storm) [10, 11].