IL4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: IL-4: IL-4 is involved in the regulation of the activation, proliferation, differentiation, and survival of various T-cell subtypes.269 It supports the differentiation of Th2 cells and antagonizes the function of Th1 cells associated with numerous autoimmune disorders.270 The modulation of Th-cells subgroups, particularly the balance between Th1 and Th2, exerts a significant influence on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.271,272 Creusot et al.270 reported a novel therapy that delivered translationally enhanced IL-4 mRNA into DCs using electroporation.