Excessive or inadequate levels of GM-CSF could enhance the malignancy of cancer.262 The mRNA mixture (SAR441000) encoding IL-12, IFN alpha-2b, GM-CSF, and IL-15 was administered intratumorally as a monotherapy or in combination with Cemiplimab during the Phase I trial (NCT03871348) conducted in 2019 for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and cancer.