Oxidative stress stimulates the expression of MMP-9 (Bai et al. 2006) and activates transcription factors, such as nuclear transcription factor-kappa β (NF-kβ), which upregulates the expression of inflammatory genes involved in MS, such as TNF-α (Ibrahim Fouad et al. 2023; Nicola et al. 2024). Here, NFKB1 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.