Intriguingly, this analysis revealed a downregulation in release of enzymes involved in the metabolism of glutathione, an essential brain anti-oxidant that reportedly has decreased levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex of prodromal AD patients (Figure S13; Table S2).68,69 There was a marked reduction of six proteins (Gsta4, Gstm2, Gstp1, Gstm1, Glo1, and Gstm5) in sleep-deprived APP/PS1 mice compared to WT, suggesting a link between insufficient sleep and oxidative stress in the AD brain immediately after sleep loss. Here, APP is linked to Alzheimer disease.