INS and atrial fibrillation: Figure 2, A and B, show that insulin (5 mU/mL) significantly reduced RAF inducibility compared with nontreated control (10% ± 4.47% vs. 71.67% ± 13.76%, P = 0.0038) and shortened RAF duration (196.5 [112.3 to 282.3] seconds vs. 12 [8.75 to 28] seconds, P = 0.0003, Figure 2C). Supplemental Table 2 summarizes the occurrence of AF episodes in each animal.