Further, a recent study (Choi et al., 2022) showed alterations in bioactive components in human milk (e.g., insulin, glucose, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) of birthing parents with GDM, where higher levels of CRP and lower levels of insulin and glucose were observed in the GDM birthing parents’ milk at both 1 and 3 months postpartum, compared to birthing parents without GDM. This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.