BBC3 and neoplasm: Studies underscore the crucial role of p53 in tumor suppression by promoting apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest through the upregulation of genes like CDKN1A, BAX, PUMA, and NOXA. Additionally, p53 acts as a tumor suppressor by enhancing metabolic and redox balance genes such as TIGAR, FDXR, PRKAB1, and SENS1 [123, 124].