Furthermore, the role of IR as a risk factor for brain impairment of neurodegenerative disease is now well established,44 Because both AD and T2DM patients have brain damage closely related to IR, AD has been termed as “type 3 diabetes mellitus”,44 The use of insulin sensitizers to improve IR can significantly improve cognitive performance of AD patients.45, 46. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.