Six articles (Hosomi et al. 2012; Wan et al. 2014; Hoshino et al. 2023; Miyauchi et al. 2021a, 2021b; Tashiro et al. 2023) examined serum or plasma Pg IgG titer in patients with AF, and all concluded that patients with AF exhibited higher anti‐Pg antibody levels or a higher prevalence of positive serum antibodies. This evidence concerns the gene JUP and atrial fibrillation.