TLR9 and malaria: It has been shown that malaria can induce a robust innate immune response.15 The parasite crystal hemozoin coated with its genomic DNA activates TLR-9 (Figure 1).16 In a recent study on 53 African countries, it has been shown that wherever in Africa the prevalence of malaria is high, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 is relatively low, and vice versa, reflecting that malaria (presumably, through the stimulation of TLR-9 by its DNA and hemozoin16) might also protect people against SARS-CoV-2,17 probably in a similar way that OPV does.