In B-NHL, Galunisertib enhances the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin and further inhibits tumor growth by upregulating p-P38 MAPK and inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad2/3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (Rej et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and neoplasm.