IL‐6 exhibits pleiotropic effects, playing a pro‐inflammatory role in the development of AKI in the short‐term, and contributing to renal fibrosis in the long term by promoting the upregulation of multiple fibrotic genes in the kidney, including α2‐procollagen, TGF‐β, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 [101, 102, 103]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is renal fibrosis.