PDX1 and diabetes mellitus: In this study, we have demonstrated that the noncoding rs6048205 risk allele G decreased the differentiation efficiency of PDX1+ /NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitor cells (Fig. 1) and led to an abnormal increase of polyhormonal endocrinal cells (Fig. 2), resulting the functional impairment and diabetes susceptibility, through genome-edited human PSC and mouse models.