Alternatively, it has been proposed that RIPK3/MLKL signaling may be active in disease-causing parenchymal cholangiocytes and/or nonparenchymal cells (Gautheron et al, 2014) or that RIPK1 may target MLKL to drive necroptosis during liver disease (Günther et al, 2016; Xu et al, 2019; Majdi et al, 2020). This evidence concerns the gene RIPK1 and liver disorder.