Moreover, the top 3 upregulated DEGs (SMOC1, APOE, and HIPK2) of Glio-IDH-wt and the top 4 upregulated DEGs of Glio-IDH-mut (PPP1CB, UBA52, S100A6, and CTSB) and both Glio-IDH-wt and Glio-IDH-mut (SPP1, IGFBP2, CALD1, and TMSB4X) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and brain lower grade glioma (LGG) were evaluated using the GEPIA database (Supplementary Figure S1), and these upregulated DEGs showed significant correlations with overall survival (Supplementary Figure S2). Here, CTSB is linked to glioblastoma.