Notably, these genes, such as PPARG, HK2, and PDK1, play critical roles in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, which is associated with the IDH phenotype in GBM cells (Strickland and Stoll, 2017; Dong et al., 2023; Venneti et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene PDK1 and glioblastoma.