TP53 and infection: IAV inhibits apoptosis by upregulating the anti-apoptotic phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3 K-AKT) pathway in the early stage of infection while promoting apoptosis and viral proliferation by inhibiting this pathway and upregulating the proapoptotic p53 pathway in the late stage of infection (Gupta et al., 2017; Ampomah and Lim, 2020).