TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Increased secretion of TNF-α resulted in an impaired intestinal barrier, and IL-1β was an essential cytokine that triggered local inflammation in the colonic mucosa (Shi et al., 2021) TNF-α and IL-1β were increased in IBD patients, while IL-10 mainly maintained intestinal homeostasis and down-regulated immune responses and pro-inflammatory mediators associated with innate and adaptive immune responses (Biasi et al., 2011).