Activated upstream regulators predicted only in DM included proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-18, TNF), transcription factors (NF-κB), signaling mediators (MAPK8, STAT1), and innate immune receptors (IL-1R, TLR9), also supporting previous studies [46, 52–58]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is dermatomyositis.