The other mechanisms of APOE4 dysfunction probably explain the association with neurodegenerative diseases in general, such as Parkinson’s disease (odds ratio ~1.6–4.19) and Lewy body dementia (odds ratio ~2.4–6.1) (Bras et al, 2014; Guerreiro et al, 2018; Huang et al, 2006; Irwin et al, 2012; Tropea et al, 2018; Tsuang et al, 2013); TDP-43 proteinopathy (odds ratio ~2) (Josephs et al, 2014; Wennberg et al, 2018; Yang et al, 2018); and vascular dementia (odds ratio ~3.13) (Davidson et al, 2006; Sun et al, 2015). Here, APOE is linked to vascular dementia.