We identified this complex in every PDX sample evaluated, including PDXs from lung, pancreatic and colorectal cancers with mutant KRAS, mutant HRAS or mutant NRAS and from the HBEC line as well as from the WI-38 nonimmortalized nontransformed human lung fibroblast line (Fig. 5i–k and Extended Data Fig. 6j–o). This evidence concerns the gene NRAS and colorectal cancer.