In addition, a total of 40 cognitively normal participants (aged 67.6 ± 4.4 years), 15 patients with severe AD (aged 63.7 ± 10.1 years), 14 patients with moderate AD (aged 70.7 ± 6.4 years), and 15 patients with mild AD (aged 73.5 ± 8.5 years) were used to evaluate the variation in GNG5 level in serum EVs at different clinical stages of AD (Fig. 8G). Here, GNG5 is linked to Alzheimer disease.