A total of 52 cognitively normal participants (aged 65.7 ± 5.6 years), 17 patients with severe AD (aged 63.8 ± 9.7 years), 18 patients with moderate AD (aged 71.2 ± 7.9 years), and 16 patients with mild AD (aged 73.3 ± 8.3 years) were included in this study, to evaluate the variation in serum GNG5 levels at different clinical stages of AD (Fig. S16D). The gene discussed is GNG5; the disease is Alzheimer disease.